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最优资本结构的理论研究与实证分析
发布时间:2007-03-29 点击数:4482  正文:【 放大 】【 缩小
简介:[摘要] 本文按照理论研究——实证检验——结论和模型的应用这样一条思路展开。首先,本文建立了一个确定最优资本结构的模型——最小加权平均资本成本模型。这个模型是从仅考虑公司资本使用成本的角度出发,求当加权平均资本成本最小时债务资本所占比重。然后就是实证检验,本 ...
[摘要] 本文按照理论研究——实证检验——结论和模型的应用这样一条思路展开。首先,本文建立了一个确定最优资本结构的模型——最小加权平均资本成本模型。这个模型是从仅考虑公司资本使用成本的角度出发,求当加权平均资本成本最小时债务资本所占比重。然后就是实证检验,本文通过最小加权平均资本成本模型估计1998-2005年美国103个行业的平均最优资产负债率,把估计结果与实际按市场价值表示的平均资产负债率作比较,并用回归分析法分析βu、T与实际资产负债率的关系。结果表明最小加权平均资本成本模型能够较好地解释现实。回归分析结果表明βu与资产负债率负相关,即随着βu的增大,公司倾向于少负债,这与根据最优资产负债率的公式推测的结论是一致的,但是βu和税率与资产负债率的相关性都不大。本文最后给出结论和建议:由于每个行业各有潜在的使资本成本最小的最优资本结构,因此行业资本结构的选择呈现差异。每个公司可以根据最小加权平均资本成本模型来计算本公司的最优资本结构,为公司资本结构的决策提供依据。同时,最小加权平均资本成本模型还能应用于项目资本结构的决策,只是如果新项目的风险与现有资产的平均风险显著不同时,就不能使用公司当前的加权平均资本成本来计算最优资产负债率,需要估计新项目的风险,重新确定新项目的β值。只要是求资本成本最低时的权益资本与债务资本各自的比重,最小加权平均成本模型都可以应用。 1.导论 现代资本结构理论在20世纪50年代就开始独立成为经济研究领域的一个重要课题,但到目前为止还是一个尚未解决的难题。半个世纪以来,经济学家们试图从不同的角度或不同的侧面对企业资本结构的形成机理加以解释,并由此形成了不同流派的资本结构理论。由此可见,人们始终没有放弃对所谓的“资本结构之谜”问题的研究。笔者认为存在一个潜在的最优资本结构,支配着公司决策者向着最合适的资本结构的一次次调整直至最后形成一个较稳定的资本结构。 本文研究的就是如何确定最优的静态资本结构,即经过融资调整后可以达到的一个最优资本结构,本文采用的是资本结构的广义观点,即分析全部负债与权益的组合及其比例关系。因为总的说来,资本结构研究的核心是负债的比例问题,即负债在企业全部资金来源中所占的比重。在对资本结构的实证研究中,提特曼等(Titman,1988 )把全部长短期负债除以所有者权益的市场价值或账面价值,作为资本结构的衡量指标,而本文在作实证的计算时采用资产负债率(总负债/总资产)作为资本结构的替代变量。 2.对资本结构理论的评价总结 现有的理论都是从使企业价值最大的资本结构就是最优的资本结构这样的一个角度来研究,当然,他们认为在企业价值最大时,资本成本也是最小的。而且他们得出的最佳的资本结构都是定性的。另一类是实证研究,通过实证研究分析影响实践中企业资本结构的因素。这类研究在很大程度上考察了企业的绩效对资本结构的影响,但是考察资本结构如何影响企业的绩效反而在一定程度上被忽视了。他们最多是想努力解释现实,而不是追求最优的资本结构。他们没有直面这样一个问题:究竟用什么方法来确定一个可以量化的最佳的资本结构。而最小加权平均成本模型就是解决了这样一个问题,并能解释现实。 3.最小加权平均成本模型 3.1最小加权平均成本模型的基本思想 最小加权平均成本模型的基本思想首先是基于传统理论(Traditional Theory),认为企业的债务资本成本、权益资本成本和加权平均总成本并非固定不变的。企业适度地负债并不会增加其投资风险,反而可以降低加权平均资本成本。当企业加权平均资本成本达到最低点时,即为企业最佳的资本结构。同时又吸取了净经营收益理论(Net operating income theory)的结论之一:净经营收益理论认为随着低成本的负债增多,会相应增加企业权益资本的风险,进而普通股股东要求更高的收益率,使权益资本成本上升。最小加权平均成本模型也可以说从MM理论吸取了有用的东西,因为作为资本结构理论的基石的MM理论其实是在早期的净经营收益理论的基础上发展而来的,其核心理论——“无税收的MM模型”得出的结论与净经营收益理论的结论基本相同,只是在净经营收益理论的基础上,提出一系列的假设条件,建立数学模型,然后经过严密的数学推导,得出与净经营收益理论相似的两个结论,其中之一就是——有负债公司的权益资本成本会随着负债比率的上升而增加。 最小加权平均成本模型就是在以上基础上发展起来的。该模型的基本思路很清晰简单:就是从企业使用资金的成本角度出发,求一个资本结构,使得该资本结构下的加权平均资本成本最小。在最小加权平均成本模型中考虑了权益资本成本会随着负债比率的上升而增加(这里的权益资本包括留存收益和普通股),和债务资本成本也会随着负债比例的上升而上升,以及债务的税盾效应。模型应用了资本资产定价模型,引入了系统风险β这一重要的变量。 3.2最小加权平均成本模型的推导 3.2.1最小加权平均成本模型的假设 假设: (1)首先,该模型建立在资本资产定价模型的所有假设的基础上; (2)无费用的资本市场:没有市场交易成本,没有政府的限制可自由地进行交易,且资本资产可无限地分割; (3)仅把公司的资本分为权益资本和债务资本两大类,不再细分,其中权益资本包括留存收益和普通股; (4)权益资本要求的收益率是在债务资本要求的收益率上再要求一定的风险溢价。 (5)使加权平均资本成本最小的资本结构就是最优资本结构,不考虑影响资本结构的其他因素。 3.2.2加权平均资本成本 公司的加权平均资本成本Kw可表示如下: Kw=Kete+Kb(1-T) tb (3-1) 其中,T为公司所得税率;Ke权益资本成本;Kb为债务资本成本;te为权益资本占总资本的比例,即公司的资产负债率;tb为债务资本占总资本的比例。显然,te+tb =1,且我们可以定义0≤tb<1,因为企业可以没有负债,但是不能100%负债。 由于进一步推导的需要,在这儿有必要解释权益资本成本和债务资本成本的计算。 (一)权益资本成本 根据资本资产定价模型,有: Ke=Rf+βL (Km-Rf) (3-2) 其中,Rf是无风险收益率;Km是市场平均风险收益率;βL是有负债时的权益资本的系统风险。我们需要把有负债时的权益资本的βL转换为没有负债时的βu,因为不同的负债权益比就会决定不同的βL,但负债权益比正是我们要求的,所以在我们求出负债权益比之前,这个βL的值未知,我们只能用无负债时的βu来表示βL,它们之间的关系是见式(3-3)(考虑税收): βL=βu [1+ tb (1-T)/ te] (3-3) 显然,有负债时的权益资本的βL含有财务风险,因此风险βL>βu,这就与净经营收益理论相一致了,就是随着负债增多,会相应增加企业权益资本的风险,进而普通股股东要求更高的收益率,使权益资本成本上升。所以,有负债时的权益资本成本可表示如下: Ke=Rf+βu [1+ tb (1-T)/ te](Km-Rf) (3-4) (二)债务资本成本 因为我们已经假设权益资本要求的收益率是在债务资本要求的收益率上再要求一定的风险溢价,因此: Kb = Ke - RPc = Rf+βu [1+ tb (1-T)/ te](Km-Rf) - RPc (3-5) 其中,RPc就是权益资本要求的收益率超过债务资本要求的收益率的风险溢价。 所以,最后可得加权平均资本成本的最终表达式: Kw={ Rf+βu [1+ tb (1-T)/ te](Km-Rf)}te+{Rf+βu [1+ tb (1-T)/te](Km-Rf) - RPc} (1-T) tb (te+tb=1,0≤tb<1) (3-6) 3.2.3最优资产负债率 因为te+tb =1,所以te =1- tb,代入方程(1),可得: Kw={ Rf+βu [1+ tb (1-T)/ te](Km-Rf)} (1- tb)+{Rf+βu [1+ tb (1-T)/ te](Km-Rf) - RPc} (1-T) tb (0≤tb<1) (3-7) 对上式求tb的一阶导数并令其等于零,求得 tb*=1- (1-T)Sqr{βu(Km-Rf)/ [Rf T + RPc (1-T)+βu(Km-Rf) T2] } (3-8) (*注:Sqr代表开平方根。) 而tb的二阶导数为: -2[Rf T + RPc(1-T)+βu (Km-Rf) T2] (tb -1) (3-9) 因为0≤tb<1,所以 -2[Rf T + RPc(1-T)+βu (Km-Rf) T2] (tb -1)>0 由极值存在的充分条件可知,在点tb = tb*处,Kw可以取得极小值。所以当负债率为 tb*=1- (1-T)Sqr{βu(Km-Rf)/ [Rf T + RPc (1-T)+βu(Km-Rf) T2] } 时,加权平均资本成本Kw取得极小值。这样,我们就求出了最优资本结构。 4实证研究:用最小加权平均成本模型解释行业资本结构的差异 4.1理论研究回顾 实证研究结论揭示:很多行业都有其固守的资本结构。马什(Marsh,1982 )发现,同行业企业具有相似的资本结构,不同行业的资本结构有差别,行业对企业资本结构的影响是各行业在资产构成、风险和其他变量上系统差异的一个反映。麦金森(Megginson,1997)指出,行业内资本结构与盈利水平负相关,不管什么行业,最赚钱的公司负债最少。尽管税收和经济结构有所变化,但行业的资本结构仍然呈现相对稳定性,公司管理者往往会对财务杠杆作出一定的理性选择。鲍文等(Bowen,1982)对美国9个行业、超过1800家样本企业1951-1969年的数据进行了分析,证明在一定的周期内单个企业的资本结构有向行业平均资本结构收敛的倾向。布兰德利等(Bradley,1984)验证了在1962-1981年的20年内,企业平均资产负债率与行业分类之间的相互关系,证明了近54%的企业负债率的横截面方差可以被行业分类所解释。同时期的朗和莫利兹(Long & Mal i tz,1985),凯思特(Kester,1986)等也作了相关的研究。他们的结论大体一致:制药、仪器、电器和食品有一贯较低的杠杆,而造纸、纺织、矿业、钢铁、航空和水泥等则有一贯较高的杠杆。而且,根据布兰德利(1984)等的研究,受管制的行业(电话、电力和燃气公用事业及航空)属于杠杆最高的公司。 4.2样本数据的选择与研究方法 (一)数据的选择 笔者选择1998-2005年美国103个行业的按市场价值表示的平均资产负债率作为参照数据样本(见附录表1,数据来源:网站http://pages.stern.nyu.edu/~adamodar/New_Home_Page/data.html)。选用美国股票市场的数据进行研究是因为美国上市公司以及行业的代表该公司或行业系统风险的β值很容易获得,一般都会作为投资者投资依据的主要指标之一公布,而且美国的股市比较成熟。而中国的股市尚不成熟,而且各行业β值不容易获得,如果自己计算,又涉及一个β的计算方法的问题,这个问题现在还有争议,而这个问题并不是本文要研究的,所以,本文选择了美国的股市做实证研究。而选择按市场价值表示的资产负债率不选择按账面价值表示的资产负债率,是因为如果出现股票、债券的市场价格发生较大变动等情况,资本的账面价值与市场价值的差别就会较大时,不能反映真正的资本价值,计算结果会与实际有较大的差距,因此我们选择按市场价值表示的资产负债率作为债务资本占全部资本的比重。 在计算中,最小平均资本成本模型中的行业β值数据来源于Value Line database(网址:www.ec-server.valueline.com),总共包含7113家公司。其中β值的计算是用行业收益率对纽约证券交易所的周收益率作回归估计而得,样本是5年的数据。数据见附录中的表2。Rf、RPc、Km-Rf的数据 来源于网站http://www.exinfm.com/excel%20files/implprem.xls,给出的可供选择的数据如下: 表4-2 用算术平均计算的股票、票据、债券的收益率 Arithmetic Average 1928-2005 11.72% 3.89% 5.24% 1965-2005 11.53% 6.01% 7.45% 1995-2005 13.02% 4.22% 7.87% 表4-3 用几何平均计算的股票、票据、债券的收益率 Geometric Average 1928-2005 9.79% 3.84% 4.99% 1965-2005 10.26% 5.98% 7.05% 1995-2005 11.28% 4.21% 7.52% 表4-4 用算术平均计算的股票相对于票据、债券的风险溢价 Risk Premium Stocks - T.Bills Stocks - T.Bonds 7.83% 6.47% 5.52% 4.08% 8.80% 5.15% 表4-5 用几何平均计算的股票相对于票据、债券的风险溢价 Risk Premium Stocks - T.Bills Stocks - T.Bonds 5.95% 4.80% 4.29% 3.21% 7.07% 3.76% 我们选择1995-2005年用几何平均计算的票据的平均收益率4.21%作为Rf的值,理由是:计算历史平均数时几何平均优于算术平均;我们研究的是1998-2005年的美国行业的资产负债率,所以选择1995-2005的平均收益率比较接近我们所要研究的数据的时间限制;而选择票据的平均收益率是因为票据是短期的债权,相对于长期的债券来说它的风险更小,用它的利率作为无风险收益率是比较合理的。我们用1995-2005年几何平均计算所得的股票相对于债券的风险溢价3.76%作为RPc的值,也就是权益资本要求的收益率要在债务资本要求的收益率的基础上再加3.76%,这里假设债权全部通过购买债券发生。Km- Rf的值就是1995-2005年用几何平均计算的股票相对于票据的风险溢价7.07%,既然我们把票据利率作为无风险收益率,那么股票的平均收益率减去无风险收益率自然就是风险报酬率。 计算中需要的1998-2005年美国103个行业的所得税税率的数据也来源于Useful Data Sets网站(网址:http://pages.stern.nyu.edu/~adamodar/New_Home_Page/data.html),见附录中的表3。 (二)研究方法 我们首先用最小加权平均成本模型估计出1998-2005年美国各行业平均最优资产负债率,然后拿估计值与参照数据样本进行比较:(1)计算估计值偏离实际值的程度;(2)将资产负债率由低到高排列,分成低、中、高三组,观察行业按照估计值分类的所属组次是否与按照实际值分类的组次一致。(3)分别取出实际值与估计值按照资产负债率排名的前20名与后20名,观察典型的高负债率行业与低负债率行业是否在估计值的排名中也有体现。(4)根据最优资产负债率的公式,随着βu的增大最优资产负债率会变小,而T对最优资产负债率的影响不可知。用回归分析法分析βu、T与实际资产负债率的关系,考察在实践中是否也符合这个规律。 4.3结果分析 由于Bank (Foreign)、 Drugstore、Gold/Silver Mining和Textile 4个行业β值数据的缺失,我们只能得到99个行业的1998-2005年平均最优资产负债率的有效估计结果,见下表4-6。 表4-6 1998-2005年美国99个行业的平均最优资产负债率和实际资产负债率 Industry Name Average Estimated Debt Ratio Average Market Value Debt Ratio Advertising 0.00% 15.27% Aerospace/Defense 17.71% 27.38% Air Transport 5.02% 37.33% Apparel 15.96% 17.72% Auto & Truck 30.79% 61.08% Auto Parts 11.12% 35.78% Bank 42.93% 30.42% Bank (Canadian) 21.69% 15.72% Bank (Midwest) 36.10% 25.77% Beverage (Alcoholic) 37.00% 16.35% Beverage (Soft Drink) 26.02% 11.52% Biotechnology 0.00% 3.04% Building Materials 20.96% 25.49% Cable TV 0.00% 39.47% Canadian Energy 36.83% 25.04% Cement & Aggregates 17.63% 18.73% Chemical (Basic) 8.15% 23.83% Chemical (Diversified) 23.50% 19.53% Chemical (Specialty) 14.42% 24.67% Coal/Alternate Energy 0.33% 29.08% Computer & Peripherals 0.00% 4.44% Computer Software & Svcs 0.00% 5.48% Diversified Co. 24.02% 25.04% Drug 0.00% 5.20% E-Commerce 0.00% 7.41% Educational Services 4.48% 3.04% Electric Util. (Central) 35.38% 49.92% Electric Utility (East) 34.73% 42.84% Electric Utility (West) 31.20% 49.51% Electrical Equipment 0.00% 14.10% Electronics 0.00% 15.73% Entertainment 7.42% 19.53% Entertainment Tech 0.00% 6.62% Environmental 26.22% 35.43% Financial Services 41.44% 45.06% Food Processing 31.01% 22.32% Food Wholesalers 36.07% 22.19% Foreign Electron/Entertn 30.50% 23.90% Foreign Telecom. 0.00% 20.50% Furn./Home Furnishings 20.11% 16.05% Grocery 31.84% 32.14% Healthcare Info Systems 0.00% 9.38% Home Appliance 18.44% 23.77% Homebuilding 23.11% 37.53% Hotel/Gaming 21.75% 39.22% Household Products 26.20% 12.18% Human Resource 11.05% 8.29% Industrial Services 17.62% 19.73% Information Service 9.78% 9.99% Insurance (Life) 22.01% 11.03% Insurance (Prop/Casualty) 11.07% 6.37% Internet 0.00% 4.23% Investment Co. (Domestic) 15.11% 20.02% Investment Co. (Foreign) 0.00% 2.31% Machinery 22.10% 30.65% Manuf. Housing/Rec Veh 10.30% 19.08% Maritime 25.58% 50.14% Medical Services 6.14% 20.60% Medical Supplies 0.00% 6.08% Metal Fabricating 19.70% 15.25% Metals & Mining (Div.) 0.00% 24.02% Natural Gas (Distrib.) 39.95% 43.42% Natural Gas (Diversified) 18.00% 36.38% Newspaper 27.30% 17.56% Office Equip & Supplies 17.95% 29.86% Oilfield Services/Equip. 10.19% 14.49% Packaging & Container 38.73% 44.62% Paper & Forest Products 37.49% 39.64% Petroleum (Integrated) 19.92% 13.01% Petroleum (Producing) 23.76% 24.48% Pharmacy Service 26.01% 9.56% Power 0.00% 49.93% Precious Metals 0.00% 9.23% Precision Instrument 0.00% 9.89% Publishing 26.89% 18.81% R.E.I.T. 0.00% 10.86% Railroad 35.03% 34.92% Recreation 24.42% 17.62% Restaurant 27.43% 16.08% Retail (Special Lines) 27.61% 10.95% Retail Automotive 34.91% 28.09% Retail Building Supply 25.04% 3.92% Retail Store 15.60% 16.69% Securities Brokerage 29.65% 54.05% Semiconductor 0.00% 4.96% Semiconductor Cap Equip 0.00% 5.74% Shoe 15.61% 10.72% Steel (General) 15.59% 30.29% Steel (Integrated) 2.85% 37.67% Telecom. Equipment 0.00% 6.77% Telecom. Services 0.00% 26.72% Thrift 40.08% 26.37% Tire & Rubber 18.09% 37.40% Tobacco 32.63% 19.21% Toiletries/Cosmetics 24.90% 11.60% Trucking/Transp. Leasing 28.97% 39.00% Utility (Foreign) 27.69% 41.47% Water Utility 46.43% 41.70% Wireless Networking 0.00% 25.90% 备注:因为我们对资产负债率定义的区间是[0,1),所以如果估计结果是负的我们就把结果改为0%。 表4-6可以用图描绘如下: 图4-1 实际与估计资产负债率在行业间的波动图 由图可以直观地看到:虽然估计值与实际值有一定的偏离,但是两者在行业间的波动趋势是很相似的,具体的比较还有待进一步定量研究分析。 4.3.1计算估计值偏离实际值的程度 我们模仿标准差的计算来考察估计值偏离实际值的程度,用下面这个公式来计算偏离程度: 偏离程度=Sqr[(估计值-实际值)2/99] (4-1) 计算求得的结果是14.62%,显然不是很大,初步验证了最小加权平均资本成本的合理性。 4.3.2分组分析 我们把各行业按照资产负债率的高低排次序,定义前33个行业的资产负债率为“低”,中间33个行业的资产负债率为“中”,后33个行业的资产负债率为“高”。之所以这样定义而不是按照百分之多少到多少的标准来定义“低” 、“中”、 “高”,是因为考虑到有些行业估计值与实际值有偏离,按照绝对值来分组可能有些不妥,而按照行业间的相对值来分组可能更正确。 经过分组(分组结果见附录表4)、统计得出,按照实际值与估计值两次分组的组次都相同的行业有53个,完全一致率是53.54%;相差一个组次的有36个,占36.36%。正确率也是比较高的。 4.3.3典型高/低负债率行业分析 分别取出实际值与估计值按照资产负债率排名的前20名与后20名,列表4-7中,观察典型的高负债率行业与低负债率行业是否在估计值的排名中也有体现。估计值的前20名的资产负债率低于10%,后20名的资产负债率高于25%。 表4-7 实际值与估计值的前20名与后20名行业列表 实际值的前20名 估计值的前20名 实际值的后20名 估计值的后20名 Investment Co. (Foreign) Advertising Air Transport Auto & Truck Biotechnology Biotechnology Tire & Rubber Food Processing Educational Services Cable TV Homebuilding Electric Utility (West) Retail Building Supply Computer & Peripherals Steel (Integrated) Grocery Internet Computer Software & vcs Trucking/Transp. easing Tobacco Computer & Peripherals Drug Hotel/Gaming Electric Utility (East) Semiconductor E-Commerce Cable TV Retail Automotive Drug Electrical Equipment Paper & Forest Products Railroad Computer Software & Svcs Electronics Utility (Foreign) Electric Util. (Central) Semiconductor Cap Equip Entertainment Tech Water Utility Food Wholesalers Medical Supplies Foreign Telecom. Electric Utility (East) Bank (Midwest) Insurance (Prop/Casualty) Healthcare Info Systems Natural Gas (Distrib.) Canadian Energy Entertainment Tech Internet Packaging & Container Beverage (Alcoholic) Telecom. Equipment Investment Co. (Foreign) Financial Services Paper & Forest Products E-Commerce Medical Supplies Electric Utility (West) Packaging & Container Human Resource Metals & Mining (Div.) Electric Util. (Central) Natural Gas (Distrib.) Precious Metals Power Power Thrift Healthcare Info Systems Precious Metals Maritime Financial Services Pharmacy Service Precision Instrument Securities Brokerage Bank Precision Instrument R.E.I.T. Auto & Truck Water Utility 在实际值和估计值的前20名中有12个共有的行业,列在表4-8中,后20名中有9个共有的,列在表4-9中。而用模型估计的前20名低负债率行业中有比较典型的低负债率行业:药品供应、仪器、电器,但是典型的低负债行业食品行业没有在其中;估计的后20名高负债率行业中比较典型的低负债率行业有:造纸、电力、水、燃气公用事业,但是钢铁、航空等其他典型的高负债行业没有包括在其中,造纸行业因为数据缺失无法估计其负债率。这与实证研究行业资本结构差异的鲍文(Bowen,1982)、布兰德利(Bradley,1984)、朗和莫利兹(Long & Mal i tz,1985)、凯思特(Kester,1986)等得出的结论——制药、仪器、电器和食品有一贯较低的杠杆,而造纸、纺织、矿业、钢铁、航空和水泥等则有一贯较高的杠杆,受管制的行业(电话、电力和燃气公用事业及航空)属于杠杆最高的公司——基本一致。 表4-8 前20名中共有的行业名称 Biotechnology Computer & Peripherals Computer Software & Svcs Drug E-Commerce Entertainment Tech Healthcare Info Systems Internet Investment Co. (Foreign) Medical Supplies Precious Metals Precision Instrument 表4-9 后20名中共有的行业名称 Auto & Truck Electric Util. (Central) Electric Utility (East) Electric Utility (West) Financial Services Natural Gas (Distrib.) Packaging & Container Paper & Forest Products Water Utility 4.3.4βu与T对资本结构的影响 根据最优资产负债率的公式,最优资产负债率会随着βu的增大而减小,T对最优资产负债率的影响不可知。下面我们用回归分析方法来研究βu、T与实际资产负债率的关系,考察实践中是否也符合这个规律。 变量如下: 被解释变量: DebtRatio = 按市场价值表示的资产负债率 解释变量: Beta=βu TaxRate =所得税税率 首先建立简单线性总体回归模型如下: DebtRation =C0+C1 Betan+C2 TaxRaten+μt (4-2) 面板数据就是1998-2005年美国99(扣除4个β数据不全的行业)个行业的按市场价值表示的平均资产负债率和平均税率,以及行业βu值。我们使用计量软件Eviews进行回归分析,用最小二乘法估计回归系数结果如下: 表4-10 资本结构对βu和T的回归分析结果 Dependent Variable: DebtRatio Method: Least Squares Date: 04/10/06 Time: 21:56 Sample: 1 99 Included observations: 99 Variable Coefficient Std. Error t-Statistic Prob. C 0.544561 0.136598 3.986590 0.0001 Beta -0.094907 0.058627 -1.618812 0.1088 TaxRate -0.007474 0.004022 -1.858407 0.0662 R-squared 0.044989 Mean dependent var 0.263306 Adjusted R-squared 0.025093 S.D. dependent var 0.314794 S.E. of regression 0.310819 Akaike info criterion 0.530622 Sum squared resid 9.274410 Schwarz criterion 0.609262 Log likelihood -23.26580 F-statistic 2.261225 Durbin-Watson stat 2.054486 Prob(F-statistic) 0.109747 经济意义检验:从经济意义方面检验参数估计量,常数项的估计量为正显然是符合实际的;βu的系数估计量为-0.094907,表示βu与资产负债率负相关,即随着βu的增大,公司倾向于少负债,但是相关系数很小;税率的系数估计量为-0.007474,表明虽然税率增大税盾效应也增大,但是公司可能出于其他考虑并没有增加负债,相反负债还有所减少,但是这种相关性几乎为零。经济意义检验可以通过。 统计检验:方程拟合优度很低,只有R2=4.49%,对于给定的显著性水平α=0.05,查分子自由度为2,分母自由度为96的F分布,F0.05(2,96)=3.952。因为F=2.261225<3.952,所以总体回归方程显著性不好,即在资产负债率与βu和税率之间不存在显著的线性关系。βu和税率的系数估计量的显著性不明显,给出显著水平α=0.05,查自由度99-3=96的t分布表,得临界值t0.025(96)=2.01,而t1=-1.618812, t2=-1.858407,│t1│=1.618812<2.01,│t2│=1.858407<2.01,所以βu和税率与资产负债率相关性不大。反而常数项的估计量的显著性较明显。 回归分析结果表明βu与资产负债率负相关,即随着βu的增大,公司倾向于少负债,这与根据最优资产负债率的公式推测的结论是一致的,但是βu和税率与资产负债率的相关性都不大。 5.结论和模型的应用 (一)结论 通过应用最小加权平均成本模型进行计算,得出了1998-2005年8年美国各行业的最优资产负债率,用模型预测的数与实际数据比较接近,尤其是预测数在不同行业间的波动与实际情况几乎一样,因此该模型能够很好地解释为什么每个行业都有较稳定的资产负债率:由于每个行业使资本成本最小的最优资本结构不同,因此受潜在最优资本结构支配的资本结构选择行为在行业间呈现差异。同样,公司的资本结构选择随着每个公司β值的不同,计算出的最优资产负债率不同,也会呈现自己的特异性。 最小加权平均成本模型能够很好地解释事实,这证实了它一定的正确性和合理性。最小加权平均成本模型的优点是简单、直观,引入大家都已熟悉的β,而模型中的变量都能在现实中找到数据,因此各个企业最佳的资本结构可以量化地计算出来。最小加权平均成本模型给出了一种明确地计算公司最优资产负债率的方法,具有实用价值。 当然,用模型预测的数据与实际值还有一定的偏离,这可能是因为公司最终的资产负债率还受其他因素影响,而最小加权平均成本模型只是从资金使用成本最小的角度来考虑的。公司规模、公司成长性、股权结构、盈利能力、营运效率等因素可能会影响公司资本结构的选择,导致产生一个不同于最优资本结构的公司最终的资本结构。这些因素也有可能通过影响公司的β值而影响公司的最优资本结构。 (二)模型的应用 最小加权平均成本模型不光可以应用于国外,也能应用于中国上市公司的最优资本结构的选择。虽然本文对此没有研究,但是可以类推,同样也是首先计算出βu,然后再根据最小加权平均成本模型计算出最优资本结构。 最小加权平均成本模型不光可以应用于分析行业的最优资本结构,行业中的单个公司也可以根据最小加权平均资本成本模型计算本公司的最优资本结构,以供决策使用。 最小加权平均资本成本模型还能为项目资本结构的决策提供依据,计算新项目的最优融资结构。但是如果新项目的风险与现有资产的平均风险显著不同,比如说新项目涉足了另外一个行业,那么就不能使用公司当前的加权平均资本成本来计算最优资产负债率。这时需要重新估计新项目的风险,也就是确定新项目的β值。项目系统风险的估计比公司系统风险的估计更困难。股票市场的存在为我们提供了股价,为计算公司的β值提供了数据。但是项目没有充分的交易市场,没有可靠的市场数据可供我们使用,因此必须使用变通的办法解决。变通的办法有两种:(1)如果公司本来就存在一个部门经营新项目的业务,那么可以假设新项目的风险与该部门的风险相同,可以用该部门的系统风险作为新项目的风险。因为部门的历史收益率在账面上都已有记载,在估算β值时,只要把该部门的资产收益率(息前税后利润/总资产)和普通股指数的历史数据进行回归分析,就可以得到该部门的β值(回归系数)作为新项目β值的近似值。(2)如果新项目的业务是公司从来没有经营过的,无法应用第一种方法,我们就只能采用类比法:寻找一个经营业务与待评估项目类似的上市公司,以该上市公司的无负债的βu值替代待评估项目的系统风险。 只要是求资本成本最低时权益资本与债务资本各自的比重,最小加权平均成本模型都可以应用。 (三)本文的不足及今后有待研究的方向 1、本文研究最优资本结构时,仅把资本粗分为权益资本和债务资本,而没有细分为留存收益资本、股票融资资本、长期借款资本、债券融资资本等。如何确定这些细分项目的最优结构,还有待研究。 2、用最小加权平均成本模型估计的行业最优资产负债率虽然可以解释行业间资本结构选择的差异,但是估计的绝对值与实际值还是有一定偏差。哪些因素影响公司最终各异的实际资本结构,这些因素影响的传导机制是怎样的本文都没有研究。 参考文献 [1] "Information asymmetries, financial structure, and financial intermediation,Leland", H.E.and D.H. Pyle, Journal of Finance, 1977,32. [2] "The choice between equity and debt: An empirical study", Marsh, Paul, Journal of Finance,37, 1982. [3] "Theory of the Firm: Managerial Behavior, Agency Cost, and Capital Structure",Jensen, M.C.and Meckling, W.H. Journal of Financial Economics 3,1976. [4]《资本结构理论研究译文集》,卢俊编译,上海三联书店上海人民出版社,2003年版。 [5]《资本结构理论史》,沈艺峰著,经济科学出版社,1999年版。 附录: 表1 1998-2005年美国103个行业的按市场价值表示的平均资产负债率 Industry Name Code 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Advertising 1 10.51% 9.86% 9.34% 14.28% 18.89% 20.23% 17.75% 21.28% Aerospace/Defense 2 29.88% 26.75% 26.02% 29.61% 33.21% 29.87% 23.25% 20.46% Air Transport 3 33.41% 34.67% 42.39% 52.26% 38.82% 33.50% 32.86% 30.73% Apparel 4 17.21% 18.20% 28.65% 15.23% 17.83% 12.93% 15.49% 16.23% Auto & Truck 5 51.42% 50.55% 61.89% 66.51% 67.20% 61.86% 65.51% 63.73% Auto Parts 6 24.07% 31.98% 50.49% 41.74% 43.98% 31.61% 29.84% 32.55% Bank 7 21.08% 26.48% 29.58% 27.15% 43.96% 40.88% 18.06% 36.13% Bank (Canadian) 8 25.38% 26.31% 20.67% 9.31% 9.29% 13.23% 11.30% 10.23% Bank (Foreign) 9 19.80% 18.13% 8.99% 10.30% 46.66% 56.32% 7.40% - Bank (Midwest) 10 15.58% 22.53% 31.58% 17.72% 22.99% 36.42% 20.39% 38.92% Beverage (Alcoholic) 11 15.73% 14.90% 16.13% 16.68% 13.49% 17.02% 16.78% 20.05% Beverage (Soft Drink) 12 7.70% 12.22% 10.17% 11.15% 12.11% 11.83% 13.42% 13.55% Biotechnology 13 - - - 1.40% 2.64% 3.77% 3.86% 3.52% Building Materials 14 21.73% 25.46% 33.55% 25.15% 24.27% 30.33% 21.70% 21.71% Cable TV 15 39.28% 38.11% 45.60% 36.28% 43.95% 40.90% 34.78% 36.84% Canadian Energy 16 38.36% 33.62% 30.55% 25.64% 22.10% 22.11% 15.01% 12.90% Cement & Aggregates 17 8.89% 12.82% 25.39% 24.64% 28.89% 20.22% 15.59% 13.42% Chemical (Basic) 18 20.23% 20.35% 26.95% 29.19% 24.50% 23.65% 22.59% 23.19% Chemical (Diversified) 19 22.44% 23.66% 20.58% 20.20% 21.31% 18.82% 14.42% 14.80% Chemical (Specialty) 20 20.66% 23.03% 29.11% 31.77% 29.51% 25.69% 18.91% 18.66% Coal/Alternate Energy 21 44.02% 48.39% - 24.04% 36.00% 25.15% 14.99% 10.97% Computer & Peripherals 22 5.05% 4.72% 4.47% 6.53% 5.23% 2.94% 3.29% 3.26% Computer Software & Svcs 23 2.56% 2.39% 2.81% 4.57% 8.06% 8.64% 7.46% 7.37% Diversified Co. 24 17.82% 16.33% 22.15% 29.99% 42.20% 30.82% 21.05% 19.94% Drug 25 2.83% 3.54% 3.24% 3.56% 6.89% 6.27% 7.34% 7.89% Drugstore 26 6.12% 10.39% 11.99% - - - - - E-Commerce 27 - - 0.91% 16.16% 7.37% 5.72% 6.14% 8.16% Educational Services 28 4.00% 4.64% 4.08% 2.00% 2.73% 2.12% 2.24% 2.50% Electric Util. (Central) 29 41.87% 48.95% 48.22% 53.59% 59.74% 55.17% 47.71% 44.08% Electric Utility (East) 30 37.06% 39.74% 39.01% 44.27% 48.44% 48.58% 45.01% 40.59% Electric Utility (West) 31 42.22% 44.62% 44.86% 58.09% 64.00% 55.11% 45.13% 42.04% Electrical Equipment 32 4.85% 5.09% 3.48% 4.09% 6.18% 6.10% 39.37% 43.64% Electronics 33 13.24% 13.12% 9.64% 22.38% 25.56% 15.76% 13.98% 12.19% Entertainment 34 18.95% 16.15% 19.80% 17.50% 21.78% 19.35% 19.09% 23.64% Entertainment Tech 35 - - - 2.71% 14.20% 7.92% 5.22% 3.04% Environmental 36 17.49% 27.72% 47.62% 39.71% 42.43% 37.46% 35.42% 35.60% Financial Services 37 33.23% 41.31% 44.00% 33.88% 58.49% 53.04% 36.47% 60.09% Food Processing 38 14.52% 17.44% 26.95% 29.63% 25.53% 24.97% 18.06% 21.43% Food Wholesalers 39 21.98% 24.75% 24.60% 21.86% 25.33% 20.06% 16.71% 22.28% Foreign Electron/Entertn 40 27.24% 23.07% 21.80% 25.56% 31.00% 24.95% 15.52% 22.06% Foreign Telecom. 41 15.10% 12.98% 13.04% 25.75% 30.64% 24.17% 16.57% 25.78% Furn./Home Furnishings 42 13.75% 14.98% 22.01% 18.32% 17.79% 13.15% 13.70% 14.73% Gold/Silver Mining 43 14.50% 12.74% 13.20% 17.40% - - - - Grocery 44 16.01% 18.26% 28.29% 31.99% 42.38% 45.06% 36.73% 38.41% Healthcare Info Systems 45 1.39% 6.47% 8.96% 9.68% 12.36% 11.69% 12.75% 11.75% Home Appliance 46 24.76% 19.88% 28.65% 28.60% 28.56% 24.78% 17.42% 17.53% Homebuilding 47 37.47% 44.39% 38.73% 38.25% 42.68% 34.12% 31.52% 33.08% Hotel/Gaming 48 35.48% 40.17% 45.74% 47.12% 49.11% 39.75% 30.13% 26.28% Household Products 49 9.02% 10.45% 13.75% 12.48% 12.70% 11.63% 11.90% 15.51% Human Resource 50 - - - 7.79% 8.47% 10.02% 8.17% 7.00% Industrial Services 51 16.83% 18.49% 16.44% 24.08% 24.45% 21.16% 18.92% 17.48% Information Service 52 - - - 10.20% 13.33% 10.48% 8.06% 7.85% Insurance (Life) 53 8.02% 11.99% 16.93% 9.74% 9.15% 13.53% 7.34% 11.51% Insurance (Prop/Casualty) 54 6.35% 5.62% 6.61% 1.36% 11.70% 6.85% 3.80% 8.68% Internet 55 0.42% 0.69% 4.48% 9.05% 11.28% 3.99% 2.18% 1.77% Investment Co. (Domestic) 56 1.81% 0.00% 2.66% 30.16% 30.83% 35.91% 22.24% 36.59% Investment Co. (Foreign) 57 2.53% 3.79% 3.40% 1.66% 1.69% 3.08% 0.00% - Machinery 58 24.96% 26.90% 33.08% 38.36% 38.30% 30.47% 26.51% 26.61% Manuf. Housing/Rec Veh 59 13.19% 21.00% 29.31% 20.33% 20.59% 17.90% 14.29% 16.05% Maritime 60 51.32% 55.09% 56.68% 54.02% 55.48% 50.33% 38.22% 39.96% Medical Services 61 24.50% 27.87% 21.15% 20.34% 23.59% 18.26% 15.38% 13.71% Medical Supplies 62 5.33% 6.91% 6.54% 4.59% 7.12% 6.52% 5.60% 6.06% Metal Fabricating 63 16.56% 15.42% 18.00% 19.05% 18.95% 13.30% 10.79% 9.93% Metals & Mining (Div.) 64 32.26% 27.10% 24.91% 30.12% 28.70% 20.14% 15.54% 13.37% Natural Gas (Distrib.) 65 38.24% 42.73% 40.86% 43.48% 49.57% 46.82% 43.37% 42.26% Natural Gas (Diversified) 66 32.25% 33.51% 25.07% 37.53% 50.86% 47.06% 35.38% 29.40% Newspaper 67 18.81% 17.19% 19.25% 20.84% 17.94% 14.70% 14.03% 17.74% Office Equip & Supplies 68 20.29% 22.87% 42.56% 38.32% 36.91% 29.53% 24.09% 24.29% Oilfield Services/Equip. 69 14.60% 17.50% 14.00% 14.08% 15.03% 14.05% 16.83% 9.84% Packaging & Container 70 35.18% 45.15% 58.06% 51.10% 45.82% 42.93% 38.97% 39.76% Paper & Forest Products 71 37.33% 32.85% 37.91% 42.30% 41.66% 41.81% 39.69% 43.60% Petroleum (Integrated) 72 12.72% 11.86% 13.54% 12.86% 15.24% 15.48% 12.29% 10.11% Petroleum (Producing) 73 33.84% 32.09% 23.38% 27.71% 27.78% 22.50% 16.24% 12.30% Pharmacy Service 74 - - - 13.67% 11.79% 8.23% 7.05% 7.05% Power 75 - - - 51.90% 78.55% 67.53% 30.73% 20.95% Precious Metals 76 - - - - 13.51% 8.41% 7.24% 7.77% Precision Instrument 77 9.46% 11.66% 7.80% 11.24% 13.05% 9.18% 9.19% 7.54% Publishing 78 13.86% 17.12% 13.48% 14.69% 28.00% 19.53% 16.73% 27.05% R.E.I.T. 79 11.71% 7.19% 7.48% 6.13% 28.05% 14.90% 4.02% 7.42% Railroad 80 33.11% 32.64% 40.69% 39.09% 40.46% 38.03% 29.89% 25.45% Recreation 81 12.57% 15.27% 19.24% 20.17% 22.71% 17.45% 15.94% 17.63% Restaurant 82 15.97% 16.04% 16.83% 16.98% 20.06% 16.88% 13.35% 12.53% Retail (Special Lines) 83 10.25% 8.38% 13.37% 12.91% 14.45% 12.63% 8.24% 7.41% Retail Automotive 84 - - - - - - 26.99% 29.18% Retail Building Supply 85 3.03% 3.16% 2.79% 3.37% 6.61% 4.37% 3.77% 4.23% Retail Store 86 16.84% 15.50% 17.37% 16.19% 20.09% 19.25% 14.35% 13.93% Securities Brokerage 87 62.16% 51.65% 49.50% 44.39% 49.55% 63.23% 45.61% 66.31% Semiconductor 88 3.03% 3.41% 3.03% 5.02% 8.92% 5.73% 5.82% 4.70% Semiconductor Cap Equip 89 3.25% 1.62% 1.79% 5.31% 11.25% 7.39% 7.68% 7.66% Shoe 90 20.39% 12.57% 13.95% 11.65% 11.46% 6.26% 4.67% 4.82% Steel (General) 91 33.12% 31.76% 43.16% 39.85% 37.64% 29.33% 14.61% 12.85% Steel (Integrated) 92 37.95% 33.47% 53.86% 53.96% 44.56% 38.36% 21.29% 17.93% Telecom. Equipment 93 4.47% 4.95% 5.21% 12.42% 16.64% 3.75% 3.29% 3.46% Telecom. Services 94 13.62% 14.95% 18.36% 36.28% 44.29% 35.53% 21.64% 29.09% Textile 95 40.96% 52.17% 54.02% 76.73% 81.92% 46.29% - - Thrift 96 59.11% 64.71% 16.23% 10.85% 11.08% 19.25% 9.51% 20.18% Tire & Rubber 97 16.09% 18.45% 45.86% 39.18% 47.00% 42.54% 42.94% 47.10% Tobacco 98 16.46% 15.64% 18.22% 23.73% 23.38% 19.58% 20.08% 16.57% Toiletries/Cosmetics 99 5.97% 8.20% 13.13% 12.20% 14.52% 11.98% 10.72% 16.07% Trucking/Transp. Leasing 100 50.04% 50.17% 54.05% 22.83% 48.36% 34.72% 25.08% 26.78% Utility (Foreign) 101 31.50% 34.26% 59.26% 43.84% 32.57% 45.59% 36.50% 48.28% Water Utility 102 41.37% 43.42% 45.41% 40.18% 53.18% 39.84% 37.44% 32.80% Wireless Networking 103 - - 7.21% 28.85% 51.89% 32.66% 18.65% 16.16% Market - - 19.77% 21.14% 22.31% 31.22% 27.28% 21.22% 26.18% 表2 美国103个行业的Beta值 Industry Name Unlevered Beta Advertising 1.26 Aerospace/Defense 0.7 Air Transport 1.03 Apparel 0.77 Auto & Truck 0.5 Auto Parts 0.87 Bank 0.39 Bank (Canadian) 0.71 Bank (Foreign) - Bank (Midwest) 0.52 Beverage (Alcoholic) 0.46 Beverage (Soft Drink) 0.54 Biotechnology 1.58 Building Materials 0.79 Cable TV 1.2 Canadian Energy 0.66 Cement & Aggregates 0.63 Chemical (Basic) 0.82 Chemical (Diversified) 0.74 Chemical (Specialty) 0.76 Coal/Alternate Energy 0.82 Computer & Peripherals 2 Computer Software & Svcs 2.07 Diversified Co. 0.68 Drug 1.47 Drugstore - E-Commerce 2.81 Educational Services 1.07 Electric Util. (Central) 0.51 Electric Utility (East) 0.54 Electric Utility (West) 0.59 Electrical Equipment 0.95 Electronics 1.48 Entertainment 1.17 Entertainment Tech 2.4 Environmental 0.51 Financial Services 0.34 Food Processing 0.5 Food Wholesalers 0.49 Foreign Electron/Entertn 0.86 Foreign Telecom. 1.47 Furn./Home Furnishings 0.82 Gold/Silver Mining - Grocery 0.58 Healthcare Info Systems 1.24 Home Appliance 0.74 Homebuilding 0.68 Hotel/Gaming 0.63 Household Products 0.7 Human Resource 1.19 Industrial Services 0.82 Information Service 0.81 Insurance (Life) 0.66 Insurance (Prop/Casualty) 0.65 Internet 2.73 Investment Co. (Domestic) 0.46 Investment Co. (Foreign) 1.26 Machinery 0.65 Manuf. Housing/Rec Veh 0.94 Maritime 0.44 Medical Services 0.85 Medical Supplies 0.99 Metal Fabricating 0.81 Metals & Mining (Div.) 0.9 Natural Gas (Distrib.) 0.46 Natural Gas (Diversified) 0.72 Newspaper 0.74 Office Equip & Supplies 0.88 Oilfield Services/Equip. 0.94 Packaging & Container 0.53 Paper & Forest Products 0.5 Petroleum (Integrated) 0.83 Petroleum (Producing) 0.6 Pharmacy Service 0.77 Power 1.78 Precious Metals 0.62 Precision Instrument 1.7 Publishing 0.57 R.E.I.T. 0.63 Railroad 0.59 Recreation 0.92 Restaurant 0.6 Retail (Special Lines) 1.01 Retail Automotive 0.78 Retail Building Supply 0.87 Retail Store 0.88 Securities Brokerage 0.53 Semiconductor 2.84 Semiconductor Cap Equip 2.73 Shoe 0.98 Steel (General) 0.85 Steel (Integrated) 0.96 Telecom. Equipment 2.52 Telecom. Services 1.24 Textile - Thrift 0.42 Tire & Rubber 0.68 Tobacco 0.58 Toiletries/Cosmetics 0.71 Trucking/Transp. Leasing 0.7 Utility (Foreign) 0.53 Water Utility 0.48 Wireless Networking 2.2 Market 0.89 表3 1998-2005年美国103个行业的所得税税率 Industry Name 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Advertising 66.91% 44.78% 22.50% 16.65% 15.63% 14.86% 10.63% 10.29% Aerospace/Defense 29.09% 34.81% 28.13% 23.35% 22.05% 18.31% 20.26% 20.00% Air Transport 36.93% 37.23% 31.31% 25.17% 16.37% 22.58% 21.75% 19.71% Apparel 33.03% 36.93% 29.84% 24.00% 20.03% 23.13% 20.73% 19.21% Auto & Truck 33.06% 35.30% 30.39% 25.57% 16.79% 22.51% 22.94% 17.04% Auto Parts 35.11% 39.11% 29.95% 28.58% 19.01% 15.00% 22.81% 17.29% Bank 33.45% 34.39% 32.52% 28.52% 28.00% 28.30% 27.49% 27.66% Bank (Canadian) 34.07% 36.80% 29.35% 24.29% 19.08% 20.84% 29.70% 28.20% Bank (Foreign) 20.92% 20.87% 18.90% 17.66% 15.15% 17.51% 8.31% - Bank (Midwest) 33.80% 33.20% 32.35% 30.79% 30.08% 31.88% 27.82% 29.89% Beverage (Alcoholic) 41.45% 38.83% 25.85% 26.58% 24.77% 39.63% 20.24% 13.24% Beverage (Soft Drink) 35.07% 32.36% 19.21% 22.49% 19.71% 22.19% 20.09% 17.31% Biotechnology - - - 12.10% 6.36% 5.27% 4.35% 3.29% Building Materials 39.13% 35.86% 30.33% 23.57% 21.19% 41.23% 25.76% 22.76% Cable TV 15.90% -0.91% -1.48% 55.70% 4.02% 10.07% 1.47% 10.98% Canadian Energy 46.64% 43.30% 37.55% 33.94% 33.51% 36.97% 32.61% 35.14% Cement & Aggregates -17.12% 34.51% 29.06% 24.42% 23.82% 22.20% 26.47% 23.50% Chemical (Basic) 36.97% 36.72% 21.88% 20.14% 16.84% 16.76% 13.07% 16.27% Chemical (Diversified) 34.96% 34.05% 32.13% 33.24% 25.99% 28.75% 26.83% 24.90% Chemical (Specialty) 38.46% 35.19% 22.58% 23.73% 18.37% 22.28% 16.52% 18.54% Coal/Alternate Energy 29.41% 28.83% - 22.74% 13.58% 2.95% 17.08% 4.20% Computer & Peripherals 61.87% 32.54% 16.17% 12.66% 11.58% 14.83% 11.06% 10.48% Computer Software & Svcs 54.34% 38.09% 17.00% 14.26% 35.01% 17.32% 10.65% 8.74% Diversified Co. 53.58% 36.24% 19.38% 23.55% 35.68% 21.10% 20.47% 18.46% Drug 23.24% 31.89% 5.69% 10.78% 7.42% 11.24% 6.74% 6.33% Drugstore 44.35% 37.45% 16.16% - - - - - E-Commerce - - 14.14% 24.10% 2.91% 84.48% 8.19% 8.87% Educational Services 45.80% 39.12% 37.15% 20.67% 19.14% 16.44% 19.43% 19.14% Electric Util. (Central) 43.73% 35.00% 22.59% 28.82% 30.36% 24.61% 29.29% 26.60% Electric Utility (East) 36.52% 34.70% 31.98% 30.70% 29.02% 26.11% 28.04% 31.02% Electric Utility (West) 31.13% 37.44% 24.23% 28.83% 38.72% 27.10% 27.26% 28.00% Electrical Equipment 30.96% 27.88% 19.78% 25.50% 14.77% 13.98% 12.33% 14.46% Electronics 27.86% 42.14% 40.41% 18.60% 21.63% 16.27% 12.79% 14.96% Entertainment 52.20% 44.88% 40.10% 27.74% 11.51% 33.67% 17.31% 19.62% Entertainment Tech - - - 10.51% 11.19% 26.73% 14.36% 13.56% Environmental 34.15% 44.15% 21.72% 23.64% 13.33% 18.80% 9.72% 10.38% Financial Services 32.70% 33.81% 24.91% 21.83% 18.83% 23.33% 20.19% 19.26% Food Processing 27.42% 35.36% 18.22% 26.96% 23.78% 28.97% 23.76% 20.67% Food Wholesalers 41.71% 39.30% 29.77% 27.13% 32.92% 22.38% 23.53% 20.68% Foreign Electron/Entertn 44.10% 43.71% 42.14% 49.16% 20.57% 46.73% 30.71% 29.89% Foreign Telecom. 34.92% 31.35% 31.35% 29.04% 39.91% 32.65% 16.96% 20.36% Furn./Home Furnishings 37.99% 38.22% 23.86% 32.23% 25.20% 28.85% 29.42% 26.21% Gold/Silver Mining 62.43% 37.07% 13.12% 8.04% - - - - Grocery 37.34% 37.58% 29.20% 27.58% 27.44% 32.12% 27.24% 24.86% Healthcare Info Systems 60.58% 41.37% 21.36% 9.92% 12.91% 13.36% 13.74% 11.34% Home Appliance 36.87% 35.93% 28.86% 23.73% 16.97% 27.99% 22.01% 20.01% Homebuilding 37.07% 34.41% 25.32% 23.08% 22.41% 25.13% 28.14% 26.12% Hotel/Gaming 35.13% 39.60% 28.92% 32.48% 16.44% 15.11% 14.57% 14.54% Household Products 27.93% 34.90% 34.80% 31.51% 27.76% 28.70% 24.99% 29.33% Human Resource - - - 35.17% 62.47% 25.12% 24.79% 20.49% Industrial Services 38.31% 38.15% 38.93% 34.06% 19.88% 25.61% 17.97% 16.22% Information Service - - - 25.13% 24.95% 22.85% 20.63% 21.62% Insurance (Life) 29.80% 32.91% 29.77% 31.14% 22.73% 21.25% 19.78% 21.19% Insurance (Prop/Casualty) 25.03% 24.29% 11.76% 14.27% 11.84% 16.40% 16.44% 18.13% Internet 34.10% -27.76% 2.02% 21.23% 1.48% 3.58% 3.51% 4.23% Investment Co. (Domestic) 38.94% 0.00% 1.58% 1.58% 18.57% 1.93% 0.00% 0.00% Investment Co. (Foreign) -2.57% 33.49% 0.62% 3.97% 0.24% 2.53% 2.19% 2.49% Machinery 33.49% 34.84% 26.72% 24.82% 22.27% 21.00% 22.54% 20.13% Manuf. Housing/Rec Veh 36.41% 38.49% 37.71% 25.69% 22.15% 18.21% 17.91% 21.88% Maritime -16.10% 29.30% 13.90% 15.90% 22.01% 47.84% 11.27% 5.37% Medical Services 43.99% 40.49% 8.65% 15.66% 15.91% 20.10% 16.69% 15.15% Medical Supplies 23.67% 32.28% 16.76% 13.96% 14.63% 14.93% 13.80% 12.86% Metal Fabricating 38.88% 37.91% 18.75% 28.77% 23.98% 46.94% 22.57% 20.52% Metals & Mining (Div.) 30.66% 39.65% 17.78% 21.03% 17.84% 9.98% 10.43% 9.46% Natural Gas (Distrib.) 37.17% 40.00% 30.44% 29.34% 34.04% 27.73% 27.66% 26.20% Natural Gas (Diversified) 36.42% 33.25% 21.11% 24.57% 23.08% 22.46% 20.52% 22.59% Newspaper 38.81% 36.38% 36.73% 36.04% 31.05% 29.49% 25.31% 28.87% Office Equip & Supplies 34.88% 33.42% 32.22% 29.64% 34.83% 25.74% 29.24% 23.66% Oilfield Services/Equip. 63.48% 29.96% 18.32% 23.07% 25.75% 20.61% 19.07% 21.01% Packaging & Container 32.82% 39.82% 28.44% 64.28% 30.12% 37.35% 21.93% 19.94% Paper & Forest Products 47.42% 37.65% 32.36% 27.03% 30.26% 47.14% 14.16% 16.62% Petroleum (Integrated) 36.80% 31.09% 29.70% 30.94% 29.04% 24.07% 31.59% 29.82% Petroleum (Producing) 41.14% 67.71% 14.45% 16.87% 15.39% 18.00% 15.15% 13.09% Pharmacy Service - - - 34.64% 29.39% 31.65% 35.79% 32.51% Power - - - 15.56% 12.95% 12.40% 9.30% 4.58% Precious Metals - - - - 5.54% 7.55% 5.49% 6.44% Precision Instrument 46.87% 37.84% 17.67% 17.39% 10.47% 14.29% 13.61% 16.89% Publishing 35.34% 38.72% 28.88% 24.53% 20.99% 20.91% 19.45% 18.22% R.E.I.T. -7.05% 15.24% 0.59% 3.14% 3.63% 1.73% 1.88% 1.50% Railroad 40.57% 32.54% 32.88% 35.14% 30.45% 31.06% 34.56% 30.51% Recreation 34.37% 26.37% 30.55% 18.46% 18.54% 262.39% 20.46% 16.55% Restaurant 33.54% 37.73% 17.84% 29.41% 38.82% 26.91% 20.88% 16.86% Retail (Special Lines) 70.30% 39.08% 30.46% 60.34% 48.12% 25.77% 24.76% 23.39% Retail Automotive - - - - - - 38.92% 39.75% Retail Building Supply 36.84% 38.58% 34.44% 30.62% 35.74% 37.30% 36.49% 28.26% Retail Store 37.90% 38.15% 32.74% 25.36% 21.43% 28.78% 25.81% 21.77% Securities Brokerage 38.93% 35.88% 33.43% 21.32% 18.58% 18.43% 21.08% 21.56% Semiconductor 32.40% 35.45% 19.30% 20.38% 14.34% 19.32% 10.41% 9.91% Semiconductor Cap Equip 3.03% 33.23% 25.42% 24.35% 13.45% 3.24% 9.22% 20.39% Shoe 51.94% 37.19% 27.42% 29.67% 27.52% 27.03% 24.94% 26.82% Steel (General) 29.47% 30.32% 25.08% 22.04% 51.24% 20.58% 20.76% 26.67% Steel (Integrated) 35.15% 40.78% 16.25% 21.36% 12.71% 27.09% 14.94% 18.40% Telecom. Equipment 32.58% 40.55% 13.82% 14.49% 8.88% 8.68% 9.51% 8.69% Telecom. Services 68.39% 47.35% 8.02% 13.50% 10.13% 12.04% 12.71% 12.22% Textile 37.40% 37.14% 24.24% 16.30% 12.88% 41.73% - - Thrift 31.01% 31.21% 32.18% 31.79% 21.52% 30.01% 28.76% 27.20% Tire & Rubber 34.00% 34.41% 30.27% 19.82% 19.78% 18.12% 19.10% 16.27% Tobacco 35.12% 40.14% 27.72% 32.19% 35.17% 30.88% 23.83% 23.64% Toiletries/Cosmetics 55.67% 36.75% 32.41% 26.69% 22.56% 25.07% 23.33% 20.09% Trucking/Transp. Leasing 39.67% 39.57% 31.94% 30.64% 28.60% 27.30% 33.89% 30.55% Utility (Foreign) 50.16% 33.60% 30.56% 20.31% 13.00% 16.74% 17.82% 13.94% Water Utility 36.56% 33.27% 88.89% 35.16% 30.45% 30.97% 30.67% 31.17% Wireless Networking - - 8.93% 19.72% 4.47% 5.11% 6.35% 7.09% Market - 35.47% 21.14% 24.75% 18.96% 32.51% 16.93% 16.27% 表4 行业按资产负债率高低的分组 Industry Name 按实际值分组的组次 按估计值分组的组次 Advertising 低 低 Aerospace/Defense 高 中 Air Transport 高 低 Apparel 中 中 Auto & Truck 高 高 Auto Parts 高 中 Bank 高 高 Bank (Canadian) 中 中 Bank (Midwest) 中 高 Beverage (Alcoholic) 中 高 Beverage (Soft Drink) 低 高 Biotechnology 低 低 Building Materials 中 中 Cable TV 高 低 Canadian Energy 中 高 Cement & Aggregates 中 中 Chemical (Basic) 中 低 Chemical (Diversified) 中 中 Chemical (Specialty) 中 中 Coal/Alternate Energy 高 低 Computer & Peripherals 低 低 Computer Software & Svcs 低 低 Diversified Co. 中 中 Drug 低 低 E-Commerce 低 低 Educational Services 低 低 Electric Util. (Central) 高 高 Electric Utility (East) 高 高 Electric Utility (West) 高 高 Electrical Equipment 低 低 Electronics 中 低 Entertainment 中 低 Entertainment Tech 低 低 Environmental 高 高 Financial Services 高 高 Food Processing 中 高 Food Wholesalers 中 高 Foreign Electron/Entertn 中 高 Foreign Telecom. 中 低 Furn./Home Furnishings 中 中 Grocery 高 高 Healthcare Info Systems 低 低 Home Appliance 中 中 Homebuilding 高 中 Hotel/Gaming 高 中 Household Products 低 高 Human Resource 低 中 Industrial Services 中 中 Information Service 低 低 Insurance (Life) 低 中 Insurance (Prop/Casualty) 低 中 Internet 低 低 Investment Co. (Domestic) 中 中 Investment Co. (Foreign) 低 低 Machinery 高 中 Manuf. Housing/Rec Veh 中 中 Maritime 高 高 Medical Services 中 低 Medical Supplies 低 低 Metal Fabricating 低 中 Metals & Mining (Div.) 中 低 Natural Gas (Distrib.) 高 高 Natural Gas (Diversified) 高 中 Newspaper 中 高 Office Equip & Supplies 高 中 Oilfield Services/Equip. 低 中 Packaging & Container 高 高 Paper & Forest Products 高 高 Petroleum (Integrated) 低 中 Petroleum (Producing) 中 中 Pharmacy Service 低 高 Power 高 低 Precious Metals 低 低 Precision Instrument 低 低 Publishing 中 高 R.E.I.T. 低 低 Railroad 高 高 Recreation 中 中 Restaurant 中 高 Retail (Special Lines) 低 高 Retail Automotive 高 高 Retail Building Supply 低 中 Retail Store 中 中 Securities Brokerage 高 高 Semiconductor 低 低 Semiconductor Cap Equip 低 低 Shoe 低 中 Steel (General) 高 中 Steel (Integrated) 高 低 Telecom. Equipment 低 低 Telecom. Services 高 低 Thrift 中 高 Tire & Rubber 高 中 Tobacco 中 高 Toiletries/Cosmetics 低 中 Trucking/Transp. Leasing 高 高 Utility (Foreign) 高 高 Water Utility 高 高 Wireless Networking 中 低

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